Najbolji primjeri za Javu

Programiranje

Što je Java?

Java je programski jezik koji je 1995. godine razvio Sun Microsystems, a koji je kasnije stekao Oracle. To je sada puna platforma s puno standardnih API-ja, API-ja otvorenog koda, alata i ogromne zajednice programera.

Koristi se za izgradnju poslovnih rješenja s najvećim povjerenjem kako velikih tako i malih tvrtki. Razvoj Android aplikacija u potpunosti se obavlja s Javom i njezinim ekosustavom.

Da biste saznali više o osnovama Java, pročitajte ovo i ovo.

Verzija

Najnovija verzija je Java 11, koja je objavljena 2018. s raznim poboljšanjima u odnosu na prethodnu verziju, Javu 10. Ali za sve namjere i svrhe u ovom ćemo wikiju koristiti Java 8 za sve vodiče.

Java je također podijeljena u nekoliko "izdanja":

  • SE - Standard Edition - za stolne i samostalne poslužiteljske aplikacije
  • EE - Enterprise Edition - za razvoj i izvršavanje Java komponenti koje se izvode ugrađene u Java poslužitelj
  • ME - Micro Edition - za razvoj i izvršavanje Java aplikacija na mobilnim telefonima i ugrađenim uređajima

Instalacija: JDK ili JRE?

Preuzmite najnovije Java binarne datoteke sa službenog web mjesta. Ovdje se možete suočiti s pitanjem koje treba preuzeti, JDK ili JRE? JRE je skraćenica od Java Runtime Environment, koja o platformi ovisi Java Virtual Machine za pokretanje Java kodova, a JDK skraćenica od Java Development Kit, koji se sastoji od većine razvojnih alata, što je najvažnije od prevoditelja javac, i JRE. Dakle, za prosječnog korisnika bio bi dovoljan JRE, ali budući da bismo se razvijali s Javom, preuzeli bismo JDK.

Upute za instalaciju specifične za platformu

Windows

  • Preuzmite odgovarajuću .msi datoteku (x86 / i586 za 32 bita, x64 za 64 bita)
  • Pokrenite .msi datoteku. To je samoraspakirajuća izvršna datoteka koja će instalirati Javu u vaš sustav!

Linux

  • Preuzmite odgovarajuću datoteku tar.gz za vaš sustav i instalirajte:

bash $ tar zxvf jdk-8uversion-linux-x64.tar.gz

  • Linux platforme temeljene na RPM-u preuzimaju odgovarajuću .rpm datoteku i instaliraju:

bash $ rpm -ivh jdk-8uversion-linux-x64.rpm

  • Korisnici imaju izbor instalirati otvorenu verziju Jave, OpenJDK ili Oracle JDK. Iako je OpenJDK u aktivnom razvoju i sinkroniziran s Oracle JDK, oni se jednostavno razlikuju u licenciranju. Međutim, malo se programera žali na stabilnost Open JDK.

Upute za Ubuntu :

Otvorena JDK instalacija:

bash sudo apt-get install openjdk-8-jdk

Instalacija Oracle JDK:

bash sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer

Mac

  • Ili preuzmite izvršnu datoteku Mac OSX .dmg s Oracle Downloads
  • Ili upotrijebite Homebrew za instalaciju:
brew tap caskroom/cask brew install brew-cask brew cask install java

Provjerite instalaciju

Provjerite je li Java pravilno instalirana u vaš sustav tako da otvorite naredbeni redak (Windows) / Windows Powershell / Terminal (Mac OS i * Unix) i provjerite verzije Java runtimea i kompajlera:

$ java -version java version "1.8.0_66" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_66-b17) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.66-b17, mixed mode) $ javac -version javac 1.8.0_66

Savjet : Ako se greška kao što je „Naredba nije pronađena” na bilojavailijavacili oboje, ne panika, njegova samo vaš sustav put nije pravilno postavljen. Za sustav Windows pogledajte ovaj odgovor na StackOverflow ili ovaj članak o tome kako to učiniti. Tu su i vodiči za Ubuntu i Mac. Ako još uvijek ne možete shvatiti, ne brinite, samo nas pitajte u našoj Gitter sobi!

JVM

Ok, sad, kad smo završili s instalacijama, počnimo prvo razumjeti glatku gustinu Java ekosustava. Java je interpretirani i kompajlirani jezik, to jest kod koji napišemo kompajlira se u bajt kod i tumači za pokretanje. Kod zapisujemo u .java datoteke, Java ih kompajlira u bajt kodove koji se izvode na Java Virtual Machine-u ili JVM-u radi izvršenja. Ovi bajtkodovi obično imaju nastavak .class.

Java je prilično siguran jezik jer ne dopušta da se vaš program izvodi na računalu. Umjesto toga, vaš program radi na virtualnom stroju nazvanom JVM. Ovaj virtualni stroj izlaže nekoliko API-ja za interakcije strojeva na niskoj razini koje možete napraviti, ali osim toga ne možete se eksplicitno igrati sa strojnim uputama. To dodaje ogroman bonus sigurnosti.

Također, nakon što je vaš bytecode kompiliran, može se pokretati na bilo kojem Java VM-u. Ovaj virtualni stroj ovisi o stroju, tj. Ima različite implementacije za Windows, Linux i Mac. Ali vaš program zajamčeno je da se izvodi u bilo kojem sustavu zahvaljujući ovom VM-u. Ova se filozofija zove "Napišite jednom, trčite bilo gdje".

Pozdrav svijete!

Napišimo uzorak aplikacije Hello World. Otvorite bilo koji uređivač / IDE po želji i stvorite datoteku HelloWorld.java.

public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { // Prints "Hello, World" to the terminal window. System.out.println("Hello, World"); } }

Napomena Imajte na umu da bi naziv Java datoteke trebao biti potpuno isti naziv javne klase kako bi se kompajlirala!

Sada otvorite terminal / naredbeni redak. Promijenite svoj trenutni direktorij u terminalu / naredbenom retku u direktorij u kojem se nalazi vaša datoteka. I prevedite datoteku:

$ javac HelloWorld.java

Sada pokrenite datoteku pomoću javanaredbe!

$ java HelloWorld Hello, World

Congrats! Your first Java program has run successfully. Here we are just printing a string passing it to the API System.out.println. We will cover all the concepts in the code, but you are welcome to take a closer look! If you have any doubt or need additional help, feel free to contact us anytime in our Gitter Chatroom!

Documentation

Java is heavily documented, as it supports huge amounts of API’s. If you are using any major IDE such as Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA, you would find the Java Documentation included within.

Also, here is a list of free IDEs for Java coding:

  • NetBeans
  • Eclipse
  • IntelliJ IDEA
  • Android Studio
  • BlueJ
  • jEdit
  • Oracle JDeveloper

Basic Operations

Java supports the following operations on variables:

  • Arithmetic : Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus (%),Increment (++),Decrement (--).
  • String concatenation: + can be used for String concatenation, but subtraction - on a String is not a valid operation.
  • Relational: Equal to (==), Not Equal to (!=), Greater than (>), Less than (<), Greater than or equal to (>=), Less than or equal to (<=)
  • Bitwise: Bitwise And (&), Bitwise Or (|), Bitwise XOR (^), Bitwise Compliment (~), Left shift (<<), Right Shift (>>), Zero fill right shift (>>>)
  • Logical: Logical And (&&), Logical Or (||), Logical Not (!)
  • Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
  • Others: Conditional/Ternary(?:), instanceof

While most of the operations are self-explanatory, the Conditional (Ternary) Operator works as follows:

expression that results in boolean output ? return this value if true : return this value if false;

Example: True Condition:

 int x = 10; int y = (x == 10) ? 5 : 9; // y will equal 5 since the expression x == 10 evaluates to true

False Condition:

 int x = 25; int y = (x == 10) ? 5 : 9; // y will equal 9 since the expression x == 10 evaluates to false

The instance of operator is used for type checking. It can be used to test if an object is an instance of a class, a subclass or an interface. General format- *object instance of class/subclass/interface*

Here is a program to illustrate instanceof operator:

 Person obj1 = new Person(); Person obj2 = new Boy(); // As obj is of type person, it is not an // instance of Boy or interface System.out.println("obj1 instanceof Person: " + (obj1 instanceof Person)); /*it returns true since obj1 is an instance of person */

Variable Examples

Variables store values. They are the most basic entity used to store data such as text, numbers, etc. in a program.

In Java, variables are strongly typed, which means you have to define the type for each variable whenever you declare it. Otherwise, the compiler will throw an error at compile time. Therefore, each variable has an associated ’data-type’ of one of the following:

Primitive Type: int, short, char, long, boolean, byte, float, double

Wrapper Type: Integer, Short, Char, Long, Boolean, Byte, Float, Double

Reference Type: String, StringBuilder, Calendar, ArrayList, etc.

You may have noticed that the Wrapper Type consists of types spelled exactly like the Primitive Type, except for the capitalised alphabet in the begining (like the Reference Type). This is because the Wrapper Types are actually a part of the more general Reference Types, but closely linked with their primitive counterparts via autoboxing and unboxing. For now, you just need to know that such a ‘Wrapper Type’ exists.

Typically, you can declare (i.e., create) variables as per the following syntax: ;

// Primitive Data Type int i; // Reference Data Type Float myFloat;

You can assign a value to the variable either simultaneously when you are declaring it (which is called initialisation), or anywhere in the code after you have declared it. The symbol = is used for the same.

// Initialise the variable of Primitive Data Type 'int' to store the value 10 int i = 10; double amount = 10.0; boolean isOpen = false; char c = 'a'; // Note the single quotes //Variables can also be declared in one statement, and assigned values later. int j; j = 10; // initiates an Float object with value 1.0 // variable myFloat now points to the object Float myFloat = new Float(1.0); //Bytes are one of types in Java and can be //represented with this code int byteValue = 0B101; byte anotherByte = (byte)0b00100001;

As evident from the above example, variables of Primitive type behave slightly differently from variables of Reference (& Wrapper) type - while Primitive variables store the actual value, Reference variables refer to an ‘object’ containing the actual value. You can find out more in the sections linked below.

Array

An Array is a collection of values (or objects) of similar datatypes (primitive and reference both form of datatypes are allowed) held in sequencial memory addresses. An Array is used to store a collection of similar data types. Arrays always start with the index of 0 and are instantiated to a set number of indexes. All the variables in the array must be of the same type, declared at instantiation.

Syntax:

dataType[] arrayName; // preferred way

Here, java datatype[] describes that all the variables stated after it will be instantiated as arrays of the specified datatype. So, if we want to instantiate more arrays of the similar datatype, we just have to add them after the specified java arrayName(Don’t forget to separate them through commas only). An example is given below in the next section for reference.

dataType arrayName[]; // works but not preferred way

Here, java datatype describes only that the variables stated after it belong to that datatype. Besides, java [] after the variable name describes that the variable is an array of the specified datatype (not just a value or object of that datatype). So, if we want to instantiate more arrays of the similar datatype, we will add the variables names just after the one already specified, separated by commas and each time we will have to add java [] after the variable name otherwise the variable will be instantiated as an ordinary value-storing variable (not an array). For better understanding an example is given in the next section.

Code snippets of above syntax:

double[] list1, list2; // preferred way

Above code snippet instantiates 2 arrays of double type names list1 and list2.

double list1[], list2; // works but not preferred way

Above code snippet an array of datatype double named list1 and a simple variable of datatype double named list2 (Don’t be confused with the name list2. Variables names have nothing to do with the type of variable).

Note: The style double list[] is not preferred as it comes from the C/C++ language and was adopted in Java to accommodate C/C++ programmers. Additionally it’s more readable: you can read that it’s a “double array named list” other than “a double called list that is an array”

Creating Arrays:

dataType[] arrayName = new dataType[arraySize];

Code snippets of the above syntax:

double[] List = new double[10];

Another way to create an Array:

dataType[] arrayName = {value_0, value_1, ..., value_k};

Code snippets of above syntax:

double[] list = {1, 2, 3, 4}; The code above is equivalent to: double[] list = new double[4]; *IMPORTANT NOTE: Please note the difference between the types of brackets that are used to represent arrays in two different ways.

Accessing Arrays:

arrayName[index]; // gives you the value at the specified index

Code snippets of above syntax:

System.out.println(list[1]);

Output:

2.0

Modifying Arrays:

arrayName[index] = value;

Note: You cannot change the size or type of an array after initialising it. Note: You can however reset the array like so

arrayName = new dataType[] {value1, value2, value3};

Size of Arrays:

It’s possible to find the number of elements in an array using the “length attribute”. It should be noticed here that java length is an attribute of every array i.e. a variable name storing the length of the variable. It must not be confused for a method of array since the name is same as the java length() method corresponding to String classes.

int[] a = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; // declare array System.out.println(a.length); //prints 5

Code snippets of above syntax:

list[1] = 3; // now, if you access the array like above, it will output 3 rather than 2

Example of code:

int[] a = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; // declare array for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++){ // loop goes through each index System.out.println(a[i]); // prints the array }

Output:

 4 5 6 7 8

Multi-dimensional Arrays

Two-dimensional arrays (2D arrays) can be thought of as a table with rows and columns. Though this representation is only a way to visualize the array for better problem-solving. The values are actually stored in sequential memory addresses only.

int M = 5; int N = 5; double[][] a = new double [M][N]; //M = rows N = columns for(int i = 0; i < M; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) { //Do something here at index } }

This loop will execute M ^ N times and will build this:

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

[ 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 ]

Similarly a 3D array can also be made. It can be visualised as a cuboid instead of a rectangle(as above), divided into smaller cubes with each cube storing some value. It can be initialised follows:

int a=2, b=3, c=4; int[][][] a=new int[a][b][c];

In a similar manner, one can an array of as many dimensions as he/she wishes to but visualizing an array of more than 3 dimensions is difficult to visualize in a particular way.

Jagged Arrays

Jagged arrays are multi-dimensional arrays that have a set number of rows but a varying number of columns. Jagged arrays are used to conserve memory use of the array. Here is a code example:

int[][] array = new int[5][]; //initialize a 2D array with 5 rows array[0] = new int[1]; //creates 1 column for first row array[1] = new int[2]; //creates 2 columns for second row array[2] = new int[5]; //creates 5 columns for third row array[3] = new int[5]; //creates 5 columns for fourth row array[4] = new int[5]; //creates 5 columns for fifth row

Output:

0

0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4

[ 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 ]

Control Flow

Control flow statements are exactly what the term means. They are statements that alter execution flow based on decisions, loops and branching so that the program can conditionally execute blocks of code.

Primarily, Java has the following constructs for flow control:

  • if
  • if...else
if(  ){ //code enters this block if the above expression is 'true' }
if(  ){ //execute this block if the expression is 'true' } else{ //execute this block if the expression is 'false' }

switch

Switch is an alternative for the if...else construct when there are multiple values and cases to check against.

switch(  ){ case :  break; case :  break; default:  }

Note: The program flow falls through the next case if the break statement is missing. e.g. Let’s say you say the standard ‘Hello’ to everyone at office, but you are extra nice to the girl who sits next to you and sound grumpy to your boss. The way to represent would be something like:

switch(person){ case 'boss': soundGrumpy(); break; case 'neighbour': soundExtraNice(); break; case 'colleague': soundNormal(); break; default: soundNormal(); }
Note: The `default` case runs when none of the `case` matches. Remember that when a case has no `break` statement, it `falls through` to the next case and will continue to the subsequent `cases` till a `break` is encountered. Because of this, make sure that each case has a `break` statement. The `default` case does not require a `break` statement.
  • nested statements

Any of the previous control flows can be nested. Which means you can have nested if,if..elseandswitch..casestatements. i.e., you can have any combination of these statements within the other and there is no limitation to the depth ofnesting.

For example, let’s consider the following scenario:

  • If you have less than 25 bucks, you get yourself a cup of coffee.
  • If you have more than 25 bucks but less than 60 bucks, you get yourself a decent meal.
  • If you have more than 60 bucks but less than a 100, you get yourself a decent meal along with a glass of wine.
  • However, when you have more than a 100 bucks, depending on who you are with, you either go for a candle lit dinner (with your wife) or you go to a sports bar (with your friends).

One of the ways to represent this will be:

int cash = 150; String company = "friends"; if( cash < 25 ){ getCoffee(); } else if( cash < 60 ){ getDecentMeal(); } else if( cash < 100 ){ getDecentMeal(); getGlassOfWine(); } else { switch(company){ case "wife": candleLitDinner(); break; case "friends": meetFriendsAtSportsBar(); break; default: getDecentMeal(); } }

In this example, meetFriendsAtSportsBar() will be executed.

Loops

Whenever you need to execute a block of code multiple times, a loop will often come in handy.

Java has 4 types of loops:

While Loop

The while loop repeatedly executes the block of statements until the condition specified within the parentheses evaluates to false. For instance:

while (some_condition_is_true) { // do something }

Each ‘iteration’ (of executing the block of statements) is preceeded by the evaluation of the condition specified within the parentheses - The statements are executed only if the condition evaluates to true. If it evaluates to false, the execution of the program resumes from the the statement just after the whileblock.

Note: For the while loop to start executing, you’d require the condition to be true initially. However, to exit the loop, you must do something within the block of statements to eventually reach an iteration when the condition evaluates to false (as done below). Otherwise the loop will execute forever. (In practice, it will run until the JVM runs out of memory.)

Example

In the following example, the expression is given by iter_While < 10. We increment iter_While by 1each time the loop is executed. The whileloop breaks wheniter_Whilevalue reaches 10.

int iter_While = 0; while (iter_While < 10) { System.out.print(iter_While + " "); // Increment the counter // Iterated 10 times, iter_While 0,1,2...9 iter_While++; } System.out.println("iter_While Value: " + iter_While);

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 iter_While Value: 10