TIL…

Besplatni tečaj: Izradite blog od nule? ‍?

Možda je lakše nego što se može zamisliti

Prije nego što dođem do članka, samo želim podijeliti da gradim proizvod i volio bih prikupiti neke podatke o tome kako bolje služiti web programerima. Napravio sam kratki upitnik koji sam trebao provjeriti prije ili nakon čitanja ovog članka. Molimo provjerite - hvala! A sada, vratimo se našem redovnom planiranom programiranju.

Ako ste poput mene, zanima vas web i njegov neprevaziđeni doseg, ali vas također preplavljuje nered informacija koji uče HTML i CSS. Stvar je u tome što se ti jezici razlikuju od drugih domena, poput procesora za obradu teksta i programskih jezika. Web je drugi svijet i nije najljepša stvar okolo.

Nakon što sam naučio malo weba, ovdje sam da vas malo ohrabrim, jer uz malo smjernica te domene mogu biti puno lakše nego što zamišljate. Nastavite čitati, a mi ćemo iz početka napraviti prekrasan blog. Također ćemo naučiti neke CSS rešetke, Flexbox i responzivni dizajn.

Cilj je učiniti za vas ono što sam i ja učinio za sebe; naučite HTML i CSS iz prvih principa.

Također sam predavao besplatni HTML / CSS tečaj na Scrimbi, gdje podučavam kako izraditi prekrasan blog od * nule *. Kliknite ovdje za prijavu! ?

Scrimba.com interaktivna je front-end platforma na kojoj se web stranice bilježe kao događaji - a ne kao video - i mogu se uređivati! ?

Pa odakle dolazi HTML?

HTML je potomak prvog meta ili označnog jezika : GML. Čitatelji tisućljeća sada shvaćaju da GML znači Generalizirani označni jezik, ali to nije sve što znači. Charles G oldfarb, Edward M osher i Raymond L orie stvorili su ono što danas znamo kao metaili označni jeziku IBM-u. A 1996. Charles Goldfarb napisao je:

“Dao sam GML-u današnje ime kako bi naši inicijali uvijek dokazivali odakle potječe. Jedna od ružnih istina prijenosa tehnologije je da su programeri skloni biti zahvalni na istraživačkom radu kad su ga prvi put primili i na njega gotovo nesvjesni na kraju dugog razvojnog ciklusa ... "- Charles Goldfarb, 1996.

GML je kasnije postao S tandardiziran, postajući tako SGML. Tada je Tim Berners-Lee, koji je radio u CERN-u, posudio ML od SGML-a (ne, ne strojnog učenja ili kako god ga hipsteri zovu) kako bi stvorio HTML, gdje HT označava H yper T ext.

Joj, cool riječ. I koliko razumijem, korijene vuče iz interaktivnog autorskog okruženja zvanog HyperCard, od Billa Atkinsona koji je radio u Appleu. Za dublje istraživanje dostavljam sljedeće videozapise:

Dakle, hajde da rezimiramo. HTML nije samo zavladao svijetom. Zapravo je prije HTML-a postojao cijeli svijet. WUT? Znam, drhtim u šoku - ali nisam se rodio - tako da, nekako nije bilo svijeta.

A HTML mnogo duguje svojim prethodnicima. Kao i svi svojim roditeljima. Ipak, to je način na koji izrađujemo kod od teksta. Sada ću u četiri jednominutne lekcije podučavati osnove HTML-a, CSS-a i responzivnog dizajna.

HTML i CSS u 4 minute

Prva minuta: Web mjesto se može bolje razumjeti kao web drvo

Sve web stranice započinju svoj život kao takve. Međutim - a ovo je strašno - nema sadržaja. Ipak, započinjemo ovdje jer prvo moramo razumjeti što je web stranica. Zamislite to kao stablo - naopako preokrenuto stablo * - web stablo . htmlElement je korijen, a headte bodysu prve grane naše web drveta :

 html <- root / \head body <- branches

headElement (ili oznaka -same stvar) je za metapodataka , ili informacije o našoj web stranici. bodyElementa, s druge strane, je za sadržaj naše web stranice. I budući da je CSS stil naše web stranice, on ulazi u headelement, dok sadržaj, poput odlomaka, videozapisa o mačkama (≧ ∇ ≦) itd., Ide u bodyelement.

Druga minuta: elementi ili oznake imaju više pojavljivanja

valuevalue

Prvi je element samozatvarajući element , gdje nešto prenosimo u preglednik, ali on također nema vrijednost. Primjer za to je <element br>, koji ubacuje prijelom retka.
Drugi element je uobičajeni element , gdje komuniciramo avrijednost kao pripadnost nekom elementu. Na primjer
hello, world!
je vrijednost "bok, svijete!" kao da pripada elementu odlomka.
Na kraju, imamo element s atributom . A atribut je ono što zvuči - dovraga, to je atribut ! Daje elementu više konteksta ili značenja. Atributi mogu imati više vrijednosti, a elementi mogu imati više atributa. Atribucija-percepcija.

value

Sada - moram napomenuti - mi ne stvaramo imena naših HTML elemenata. Mi posuditi ih s popisa nekih 100 + elemenata koji su definirani. Naravno, ovo neke stvari olakšava, a neke puno, puno teže, poput pamćenja!

Treća minuta: Kako HTML i CSS komuniciraju

selector { property: value; }

    value

U !DOCTYPE htmlnavodi se pišemo HTML5 kao trebala svim drugim verzijama HTML želimo izbjeći. A s obzirom na element koji se sam zatvarameta s atributomcharset i vrijednošćuUTF-8 , naš je tekst kodiran u Unicodeu. UTF-8 predstavlja U nicode T ransformation F Ormat ... 8 . Sad možemo pisati ????! Jednom je tata odlučio poslati poruku samo na emo ji.

¯ \ _ (ツ) _ / ¯

Također smo dodali styleelement koji je jedna od dostupnih ulaznih točaka za CSS. Gdje selectorodabire element i primjenjuje a propertyna njega odgovarajućim value. Istražit ćemo ovo i još više u sljedećoj minuti.

Again—I need to mention—we don’t create the names of our CSS properties. We borrow them from a list of some hundreds of properties that are predefined. Of course, this makes some things easier, and some things much, much harder, such as ____________!

Fourth minute: hello, world!

p { color: green; }

@media (max-width: 8.5in) { p { color: blue; } }@media (max-width: 5.0in) { p { color: red ; } }

hello, world!

No longer is our website terrible! What we have is “hello, world!” in green text, and if our website’s width were resized to 8.5 inches or less, it would read in blue, and at 5 inches or less, red. Here, we used media queries to override CSS in some circumstance, like our website’s width.

What is a CSS Reset and Debugger?

We use a reset to ensure our design is consistent, and a debugger to expose inconsistencies.

We need our reset, because browsers are opinionated and set some CSS properties for us that we want to unset. Popular CSS Resets exist, but we’ll make our own. And we need our debugger for maintaining our website’s design with ease.

We can make a folder named styles to house our reset and debugger:

styles/ reset.css debug.css

And to link our new CSS files to our index.html, we add link elements:

 …     …

Our CSS Reset

Of the properties we want to unset, here’s a shortlist:

:root { font: 20px/1.2 sans-serif; }

body, body * { margin: unset; box-sizing: unset; padding: unset; font-size: unset; color: unset; text-decoration: unset;}

Ignore line 1. for now—let’s start with body, body * { … } where we select the body and all of the body’s elements with an *. The asterisk means select all children. Remember our webtree?

 html / \head body <- selected / \ \… … p <- selected

body, body * { … } is selecting the body and—a , denotes and—p because it’s one of body’s children. This is known as the parent-child relationship, where body is the parent and p is the child. And we tell those elements to unset common properties. The properties I’ve chosen are just a shortlist. Here’s an example of one of the most famous CSS Resets:

/* //meyerweb.com/eric/tools/css/reset/ v2.0 | 20110126 License: none (public domain)*/

html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,b, u, i, center,dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,fieldset, form, label, legend,table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,article, aside, canvas, details, embed,figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup,menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,time, mark, audio, video { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; font-size: 100%; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;}/* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */article, aside, details, figcaption, figure,footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section { display: block;}body { line-height: 1;}ol, ul { list-style: none;}blockquote, q { quotes: none;}blockquote:before, blockquote:after,q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none;}table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0;}

Yikes! Back to our reset. At the top we have :root { font: 20px/1.2 sans-serif; }. What’s :root? Remember our webtree? It’s the root, in other words, thehtml element. This pseudo-element belongs to a special class of elements known as psuedo-classes, which can be used to better organize and understand our CSS.

WAAAIT! Don’t we need an * to select all children elements, so their font properties are set? Well—great question—some properties, such as text properties inherit from their parents, and font does. So instead we can set font once in :root, which propagates to all its children. Property-ception.

Our CSS Debugger

A debugger emphasizes the content and border of elements:

body * { color: hsla(000, 100%, 100%, 0.88) !important; background: hsla(210, 100%, 50%, 0.33) !important; outline: 0.25rem solid hsla(000, 100%, 100%, 0.50) !important;}

Behold! In just three lines, our debugger. This clever technique overrides three common properties: color, background, and outline. Our colors are made up of hsla() values, which is short for hue, saturation, luminance, and alpha. To enable our debugger, we link the file.

Should we want to disable our debugger, we can mistype the filename so as to hide it from our computer’s filesystem, e.g.:

Or just delete the line. ٩(^ᴗ^)۶

Our debugger uses hilarious !important values so as to state that under no conditions can these properties be overridden. Remember media queries?

p { color: green !important; }

@media (max-width: 8.5in) { p { color: blue; } }@media (max-width: 5.0in) { p { color: red ; } }

Had we specified that our p color is !important, our media queries would be inert, due to their lesser importance.

Meet CSS Grid and Flexbox

I would argue that before CSS Grid and Flexbox, designing for the web was a hero’s journey.

The thing is, web design used to be a juggling-act of hacks where we trick the browser into rendering our designs. This is becoming less true with time. I’m not religious, but thank God!—or, thank browser engineers!—wherefore now we can lean on CSS Grid and Flexbox to kickstart our design.

If you’re not aware, CSS Grid and Flexbox are newer technologies baked into modern browsers that take the hero’s journey out of web design. And CSS Grid and Flexbox are friends — we’ll use them together to both create a grid and flex elements in our grid.

Our first grid: HTML

 …   ARTICLE

ARTICLE
   …

Remember our webtree?

 body / \article article / \ p p

We’re making a blog, so each post can be thought of as an article. And our articles contain a p of ARTICLE which is another clever trick we can use. Using the name of the element as the value of the element to help us understand where and what things are. Value-ception.

Our first grid: CSS

…

article { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr minmax(0, 8.5in) 1fr;

 height: 11in; /* temp fix */}

article * { grid-column: 2 / 3; }

…

Unesite CSS mrežu. Prvo smo odabrali članak i primijenili tri svojstva: displaydefinira element kao mrežu, grid-template-columnspredloške stupaca i heightsimulira svaki articlekao da ima visinu jedne stranice. Međutim, to heightje kod ljepila i bit će izbrisan.

Usredotočimo se na dvije najvažnije crte:

article { grid-template-columns: 1fr minmax(0, 8.5in) 1fr; }article * { grid-column: 2 / 3; }

Ili, u druga vremena:

Imati ćete tri stupca, čiji će središnji stup zaštititi vašu djecu.

First, had we set grid-template-columns to 1fr 1fr 1fr, where fr is short for fraction-unit, our three columns would be divided in thirds. Yet our center column has a minmax width, meaning it’s responsive. At or less than 8.5in, our center column renders at 100% width, and our left and rightmost columns disappear, as there’s no remainder.

Sidebar: note that responsive design is not limited to media queries. This is an example of where our design is implicitly responsive, as opposed to explicitly responsive. This is the best kind of responsive design, because it’s not hard-coded. And this is one of the reasons CSS Grid and Flexbox are so powerful.

Drugo, da priopćimo da articledjeca pripadaju središnjem stupcu ili započinju u drugom stupcu, a završavaju u trećem , postavili smo grid-columnna 2 / 3. Obratite pažnju na suptilnu razliku između grid-template-columni grid-column, bilo u stupcima predloška ili u stupcima raspona .

CSS Grid je sjajan - i jest - ali sada ćemo se osloniti na Flexbox kako bismo centrirali naš ARTICLEtekst. Ono što ćemo učiniti je stvoriti klasu korisnih programa , a to je još jedna paradigma za pisanje CSS-a. Ovdje koristimo činjenicu da elementi mogu imati atribute za ugrađeni stil pelementa:

ARTICLE

CSS u HTML-u?! (╯ ° □ °） ╯︵ ┻━┻

Here’s what’s going on: elements have a class attribute. And we can use this attribute to not just write CSS to elements, but to a kind of element or class of element. This means we can reuse classes across multiple elements, regardless of their likeness. Alas—nothing’s changed—we need to also create a .debug-center class somewhere in our CSS. How about our debugger:

…

.debug-center { display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center;}

Note we use a . prefix to differentiate classes from elements.

Now, wherever an element is attributed with our debug-center class, its text will center. First, we set display to flex making whichever element a Flexbox-element as opposed to a CSS Grid-element. Then we set justify-content to center to center horizontally and align-items to center to center vertically. Aaagh!

Imagine this: we use Grid to layout our website’s design, and Flexbox to flex the elements in our grid to some desired position.

Iterating our grid

We have a problem: without .debug-centerARTICLE hugs the left and right walls. What we need are vertical and horizontal gutters so that our content can breathe. Aaah. Otherwise reading would become frustrating and would lead to a poor user experience. ヾ( •́д•̀ ;)ﾉ

For vertical padding:

article { padding: 0.5in 0; …}

And for horizontal padding, we could use padding, and either would work:

padding: 0.5in 0.5in;padding: 0.5in;

However, we want our gutters to be responsive, so we’ll use CSS Grid:

article { … grid-template-columns: 1fr 0.5in [start] 7.5in [end] 0.5in 1fr}

Here, we did three things: 1. we defined our horizontal gutters to be 0.5in (these will become responsive—I promise!). 2. our content-column went from 8.5in to 7.5in, the sum still being 8.5in , and 3. made up identifiers start and end to name the start and end of our content-column.

When we added new columns, we needed to also update article *:

article * { grid-column: 3 / 4; }

But counting columns isn’t ideal. Instead—let’s use our made-up identifiers:

article * { grid-column: start / end; }

Weupdated our grid without breaking the flow of content, so long as we continue to use the start and end identifiers we made up. ⊂◉‿◉つ

Last—as promised—we need our gutters to be responsive. minmax() for one reason or another doesn’t work here, so we’ll use media queries:

@media (max-width: 8.5in) { article { grid-template-columns: 1fr 5% [start] 90% [end] 5% 1fr; }}

Nowat or less than8.5in, article will use % instead of in to divide our columns, and the left and rightmost columns will disappear because—again—there’s no remainder. Despite all this, we could’ve set padding to 0.5in 5% to achieve the same effect, so what gives? Read on!

Iterating our grid, again

To understand our grid, let’s use images to span columns, from 100% to 8.5in to 7.5in on desktop, and from 100% to 90% on mobile. However, for the last image, the one on the left at the bottom, we need to add even few more columns to our grid. AF)UBQWF*VBQPWIFB, am I right?

Don’t be intimidated—CSS grid is awesome. Let’s add two more columns:

article { … grid-template-columns: 1fr 0.5in [start] 1.25in 5in 1.25in [end] 0.5in 1fr;}

@media (max-width: 8.5in) { article { grid-template-columns: 1fr 5% [start] 15% 60% 15%[end] 5% 1fr; }}

We broke up our content-column into three columns: 1.25in 5in 1.25in . We also added proportional percents for our media query: 15% 60% 15%. The plan is for text to span our original 7.5in content-column, and for small images to span our new 5in column.

To add images, we use the img element and its src—source—attribute:

 …    …

These are local, that is, they’re on our computer. And were they remote, that is, on a server:

Note that each img has one of four classes: size-*. And because we’ll want more than images, like videos, to span our website’s grid, it’s preferred we use classes so we can reuse the CSS. These size-* classes are also Utility Classes, so changing which size we want is simple.

Let’s make our size-* classes span different sets of columns:

.size-1 { grid-column: 4 / 5; }.size-2 { grid-column: 3 / 6; }.size-3 { grid-column: 2 / 7; }.size-4 { grid-column: 1 / 8; }

What’s missing is that our imgs aren’t responsive. We need:

img.size-1, img.size-2, img.size-3, img.size-4 { width: 100%; }

Because imgs render at their actual size, for example, a 400 × 400 image rendering at 400px, we needed to override that behavior with our own: width: 100%. Thus when an image is attributed with a size-* class, it can resize to whatever columns it’s spanning. Note we need not set height.

Adding text elements

Website and content links

Now that we’re getting serious with our article, let’s make things formal:

 …  …

Now each article is linkable. Linkable? Well—websites are links:

//website.com/index.html

And our website’s content, for example articles, can be linked to, too:

//website.com/index.html#article

Here article is the value of an id attribute, analogous to linking a timestamp in a YouTube video (for example, this one). Better than suggesting “start at 4 minutes and 7 seconds” or “read from the second article,” we can link content in our website, like a timestamp in a video.

To link a website or content, we use the a element and href attribute:

 …  The Cosmos  …

The text “The Cosmos” now links the start of the article: #the-cosmos.

This idea of linking (linking websites and content in websites) is one of the points of HTML. HyperCard mastered this, but instead of linking websites and content, was interested in ideas and associations. At the time, it was 1987 and HTML was first proposed in 1989. Watch a few seconds from the video I posted earlier—here I’ve linked a timestamp:

Text elements

Let’s add headings, a publication-date, strong and emphasized text, and links:

The Cosmos is all there is
Or ever was, or ever will be

 MAR. 9, 2014 A generation ago, the astronomer Carl Sagan stood here and launched hundreds of millions of us on a great adventure the exploration of the universe revealed by science. It's time to get going again. We're about to begin a journey that will take us from the infinitesimal to the infinite, from the dawn of time to the distant future. We'll explore galaxies and suns and worlds, surf the gravity waves of space-time, encounter beings that live in fire and ice, explore the planets of stars that never die, discover atoms as massive as suns and universes smaller than atoms.

COSMOS IS ALSO A STORY ABOUT US
It's the saga of how wandering bands of hunters and gatherers found their way to the stars, one adventure with many heroes. To make this journey, we'll need imagination. But imagination alone is not enough because the reality of nature is far more wondrous than anything we can imagine. This adventure is made possible by generations of searchers strictly adhering to a simple set of rules test ideas by experiment and observation, build on those ideas that pass the test, reject the ones that fail, follow the evidence wherever it leads and question everything. Accept these terms, and the cosmos is yours.

These are the opening lines to our personal astrophysicist’s — Neil deGrasse Tyson’s — 2014 Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, a reimagining of Carl Sagan’s original 1980 Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. It’s sci-fi without the -fi. And it’s getting renewed in 2019!

Above we introduced a few elements: h1, h2, h3, time, strong, and em.

h1–h6 elements are headlines.
The time element timestamps our article. We can put whatever we want for the element value, because computers read the datetime attribute’s value, which should be machine-readable.
The strong element is for strong text and the em element is for emphasized text. Also, h* elements are strong.

Note that h* and p elements break from one line to the next, or block, whereas time, strong, and em elements don’t. This is because browsers set the h* and p element’s display to block, and the time, strong, and em element’s display to inline.

Rems and ems

When it’s not enough to block elements from one line to the next, we use line-breaks so it’s easier to differentiate elements from one another, not unlike padding or gutters. We could use br elements here, but it’s preferred we use extraneous CSS over extraneous HTML.

Here’s how to push content two line-breaks, following h2 and p elements:

h2, p { margin-bottom: 2.4rem; }

2.4rem?

Remember our reset? We set font to 20px/1.2 sans-serif. I didn’t explain it at the time—and shame on me—but 2.4 is two-line breaks at 1.2 line-height, for example, single-spaced text. More readable text could be 1.5, and double-spaced text could be 2.

*Ahem* What are rems?

*Ahem ahem* And what are ems?

rem is rootem and both are multipliers. 1rem is 20px and 1em is the parent’s font-size. Had we defined our line-breaks in ems, not rems, and set h2 and p to different font-sizes, their line-breaks would differ! Therefore, consistent line-breaks use rems and inconsistent ones use ems.

A ovo je snažna ideja - pisanje CSS-a tako da je dizajn povezan . S obzirom na ovo prosvjetljenje, osjećam da je daleko mudrijedoo CSS-u ne razmišljajte u pravilima već u odnosima. Dakle, ako negdje napravimo promjenu, promjenu možemo napraviti svugdje.

... unesite promjenu negdje ... ... unesite promjenu svugdje ...

Responzivni responzivni dizajn

Što ako pišemo CSS u rems i ems, i koristiti medijske upite do promjene :root„s font-size? Tada će se sve - i mislim na sve - proporcionalno mijenjati. Možemo ići i korak dalje i imati višestruke medijske upite za više širina:

@media (max-width: 8.5in) { :root { font-size: 18px; } }@media (max-width: 5.0in) { :root { font-size: 16px; } }

Ono što je nevjerojatno u ovome je da mi ne samo prevladavamovlasništvo , mi smo najvažniji na imovinu za rems i ems. Sada možemo napisati CSS koji ne samo da reagira, već odgovara našem responzivnom dizajnu. Ovo je možda najvažnija rečenica u cijelom ovom postu:

Možemo napisati CSS koji ne samo da reagira, već odgovara našem responzivnom dizajnu.

Ovo nije samo u redu, već kako bismo trebali napisati CSS. Web stranice imaju tendenciju biti užasne i mislim da se to može svesti na ovo: kad pišemo CSS, trebali bismo pisati u dizajnerskim sustavima, a ne u silosu . Kada koristimo rems i ems u tandemu za medijske upite, to je sustav dizajna i kôd nije utihnuo.

Tekst za oblikovanje

Za ljubav prema stilu, dodajmo nekoliko:

h1 { font: 700 2.0rem/1.2 …; color: hsl(000, 000%, 33%); }h2 { font: 400 1.5rem/1.2 …; color: hsl(000, 000%, 33%); }time { font: 700 1.0rem/1.2 …; color: hsl(250, 100%, 83%); }h3 { font: 700 1.0rem/1.2 …; color: hsl(250, 100%, 67%); }p { font: 400 1.0rem/1.5 …; color: hsl(000, 000%, 33%); }

Properties can have shorthands as we’ve seen before; padding: 0.5in, equivalent to padding: 0.5in 0.5in. And here, we use font to combine font-weight, font-size, and line-height. After font, we have color with hsl values, like hsla values in our debugger.

An unaddressed problem is our a element. In our reset, we unset color and text-decoration making links indiscriminate from text. We unset these properties because text-decoration: underline is too subtle. So here’s how we can give them a strong underline:

a { box-shadow: inset 0 -0.25em hsl(55, 100%, 75%); }

We invert box-shadow to create an underline that is inside the element. Had we set inset without a negative value, our underline would be an overline. We also use em so the underline scales with its font-size. This is an example of when we want inconsistent scaling, as supposed to our line-breaks.

There’s much more to box-shadow than this: click to learn more.

Last step: gradients

Wohoo! All we need is a cue for our readers as to where an article starts and ends. Without that, the ends of each article will feel like an endless continuation, which leads to a poor user-experience. So we need to give our readers a hint… (◔̯◔)

What I propose is simple: a gradient that extends from the top of each article to the bottom of its h2 element. And we can write our gradient in ems so that as our website resizes, so does our gradient:

article { … background: linear-gradient(hsl(55, 100%, 96%), white 6.83em);}

Here we’ve defined a color-to-white gradient, and used 6.83em so our gradient doesn’t extend the entire article but ends at the equivalent of the bottom of our h2 element. However, the exact value depends.

You can either do math to determine the size, for example 6.83em, but another technique is to set a size on the top-color, for example hsl(55, 100%, 96%) 6.83em. Once it’s equal to or greater than the bottom color’s size, it will appear as a line and not a gradient, making it intuitive what to change it to.

Congratulations ?

Congratulations! ٩(˘.˘)۶ You’ve stepped into a world in desperate need of better designers and engineers. And with CSS Grid, Flexbox, Responsive Design and browser-level debuggers, developing for the web has never been more accessible.